The Strategic Industrialization of Fusion Energy: A Global Analysis of Technology, Capital, and Resource Sovereignty (2025-2026)

The global energy landscape in 2026 is defined by a profound transition in nuclear fusion, shifting from a decades-long period of foundational plasma physics research into an era of industrial engineering and commercial demonstration. This transition is characterized by a "hockey stick" moment in development, where the convergence of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets, artificial intelligence, and a massive influx of private capital has brought the prospect of grid-scale fusion within a decade’s reach.1 Fusion energy has evolved from a laboratory curiosity into a cornerstone of national security and energy sovereignty, with major global powers competing to define the technological and regulatory frameworks of a fusion-powered future.1

The Global Ecosystem: Governments, Corporations, and Research Institutes

The current state of fusion is marked by a dual-track ecosystem. On one track, large-scale international collaborations like ITER provide the essential scientific basis for long-duration plasma confinement. On the other, a rapidly expanding private sector—now backed by more than $10 billion in investment—seeks to capitalize on modularity and engineering speed to bypass the multi-decade timelines of traditional state-led projects.1

Intergovernmental and State-Led Initiatives

The anchor of the public track remains ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, France. Representing a collaboration of 33 nations, ITER is the most ambitious energy project in human history, designed to produce 500 MW of fusion power from 50 MW of input power ().1 However, the project has faced significant logistical and technical challenges, leading to a re-baselining in 2024 that pushed full deuterium-tritium operations to 2039.5 Despite these delays, ITER serves as a critical knowledge hub, releasing the first chapters of its Engineering Basis Handbook in early 2026 to codify decades of design principles for the broader industry.7

While ITER represents the Western consensus on collaboration, China has emerged as a formidable competitor through its state-coordinated "Artificial Sun" program. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) in Hefei has already set world records by sustaining 100 million degree Celsius plasma for over 1,000 seconds.9 China is now accelerating the construction of the Burning Plasma Experimental Superconducting Tokamak (BEST), which aims to demonstrate fusion-generated electricity by 2030.9 Experts suggest that China's ability to dictate resource allocation and bypass Western regulatory hurdles gives it a significant advantage in the global race.10

The Private Sector and the AI-Energy Nexus

The private fusion sector has undergone a radical transformation, moving from speculative venture-backed startups to heavy engineering firms. Companies such as Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) and Helion Energy are now constructing large-scale demonstration facilities that resemble industrial power plants rather than laboratory experiments.17 A critical driver of this shift is the skyrocketing demand for baseload power from AI data centers. Major tech firms, including Microsoft and Google, have moved from minority investments to signing Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and forming deep technical partnerships to secure future "Compute Fuel".11

Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), an MIT spinout, is currently building SPARC in Devens, Massachusetts. SPARC is a compact tokamak that utilizes REBCO (Rare-earth barium copper oxide) high-temperature superconducting magnets to achieve magnetic fields of 12.2 Tesla, allowing it to reach fusion conditions in a device 40 times smaller than ITER.2 CFS aims for first plasma in 2026 and net energy () shortly thereafter.2

Helion Energy is pursuing an even more aggressive timeline. Its seventh-generation prototype, Polaris, began daily thermonuclear operations in late 2025, aiming to demonstrate net electricity production by the end of 2025 or early 2026.18 Helion’s unique magneto-inertial fusion approach allows for direct energy recapture, a process that converts the expansion of the fusion plasma directly into electricity, bypassing the need for a traditional steam cycle.18

Competing Theories and Technological Architectures

The diversity of fusion technology in 2026 reflects a healthy industrial competition, with different architectures addressing various aspects of the "triple product" (temperature, density, and confinement time) required for successful fusion.

Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF)

Magnetic confinement remains the leading track, using powerful magnetic fields to insulate plasma from reactor walls.

• Tokamaks: The most mature architecture, the tokamak uses a toroidal chamber. The mastery of HTS magnets has been the most transformative breakthrough of the last decade, enabling compact, high-field designs that drastically reduce plant size and construction costs.22 CFS and Tokamak Energy are the primary private developers in this space, with Tokamak Energy focusing on "spherical" designs that offer higher plasma pressure for a given magnetic field.23

• Pros: High technological maturity, extensive physics database, and the fastest pathway to grid injection.22
• Cons: Historically operates in pulses (though steady-state designs are emerging), faces disruption risks where plasma escapes confinement, and requires complex maintenance of the inner wall.22

• Stellarators: These devices use complex, asymmetric magnetic coils to achieve steady-state confinement without the large internal currents required by tokamaks.

• Pros: Inherently steady-state (no pulsing), zero risk of plasma disruptions, and optimized for continuous baseload generation.22
• Cons: Extreme engineering and manufacturing complexity in the magnetic coils, which traditionally limited their feasibility until the advent of AI-driven magnetic optimization.22

Pulsed and Hybrid Systems

Beyond traditional magnetic confinement, several firms are pursuing pulsed systems that combine aspects of magnetic and inertial confinement.

• Magneto-Inertial Fusion (MIF) and Field-Reversed Configurations (FRC): Used by Helion and TAE Technologies, these systems accelerate two rings of plasma into a central chamber where they collide and are compressed. Helion’s approach is particularly notable for using a deuterium-helium-3 fuel cycle.21
• Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF): General Fusion’s approach uses a liquid lithium liner that is mechanically compressed by steam-powered pistons. This rapid compression raises the temperature and pressure to fusion conditions.27

• Pros: Avoids the need for expensive HTS magnets or high-power lasers; the liquid lithium liner shields the reactor wall and breeds tritium fuel.27
• Cons: Requires extremely precise timing of mechanical pistons and faces significant engineering challenges in managing the liquid metal wall.28

• Z-Pinch: Zap Energy is developing a modular system that uses a powerful electric current to "pinch" a plasma filament. This design eliminates the need for external magnets entirely, offering a path to highly compact, scalable reactors.31

The Question of Non-Renewable Resources and Scarcity

While fusion is theoretically fueled by isotopes of hydrogen found in water, the practical implementation of first-generation fusion reactors relies on several resources that are non-renewable, scarce, or strategically constrained.

Tritium Scarcity and the Lithium-6 Bottleneck

The most efficient fusion reaction involves deuterium and tritium (D-T). Deuterium is abundant, but tritium is a radioactive isotope with a 12.3-year half-life that does not exist in nature.32 The current global inventory of commercial tritium is estimated at only 25 kg ( kg), primarily sourced from Canadian CANDU fission reactors.32 A single 1 GW fusion plant will require over 55 kg of tritium per year to operate.32

To solve this, reactors must "breed" their own tritium by surrounding the plasma with a blanket containing lithium. However, the process specifically requires Lithium-6, an isotope that makes up only 7.5% of natural lithium.35

• Enrichment Challenges: Most lithium isotope separation facilities were shut down after the Cold War due to mercury contamination. Currently, only Russia and China maintain active production of Li-6.35
• Market Competition: Fusion's demand for lithium will eventually compete with the electric vehicle (EV) battery market, which is projected to grow from 205 kt in 2024 to 928 kt by 2040.37 While terrestrial reserves of lithium could support fusion for 1,000 years, the current lack of Li-6 enrichment capacity is a critical supply chain risk for the 2030s.35

Beryllium and Rare Earths

Beryllium is a key non-renewable resource used as a "neutron multiplier" in breeding blankets to increase the tritium breeding ratio.39 It is scarce, toxic, and difficult to process, posing a major supply problem that requires the development of sustainable alternatives.41

The HTS magnets essential for compact reactors require rare earth elements like yttrium and gadolinium for the REBCO tapes. These are classified as critical minerals by the U.S. Geological Survey (2025) due to their strategic importance and supply chain vulnerabilities, with China currently holding a dominant position in export controls.42 Copper, too, was added to the critical minerals list in 2025 because of its widespread use in the high-voltage power electronics required for fusion systems.44

Helium-3: The Lunar Resource Frontier

Some companies, such as Helion Energy, aim to use a deuterium-helium-3 (D-He3) cycle. Helium-3 is virtually absent on Earth but abundant on the Moon, deposited by billions of years of solar wind.46

• Lunar Mining: Startups like Black Moon Energy and Lunar Helium-3 Mining LLC are betting that the unique properties of He-3—high energy yield without primary radioactive waste—justify the multi-billion dollar cost of lunar extraction.47
• The Non-Renewable Reality: On Earth, helium is a non-renewable resource extracted from natural gas wells. Current reserves are depleting so rapidly that some experts predict severe shortages as early as 2043.49 While fusion produces helium as a byproduct, the initial helium-3 needed for specific fuel cycles remains a geographically and logistically constrained resource.49

Engineering Hurdles and Structural Integrity

The transition to commercial fusion is no longer limited by plasma physics but by the material science of the reactor vessel. The "first wall" facing the plasma must survive intense flows of 14.1 MeV neutrons, which cause atomic displacements and helium bubbles that make materials swell and crack—a process known as helium embrittlement.51

Recent research from Los Alamos National Laboratory and other centers suggests that adding iron silicate to metal alloys can create "molecular sinks" that trap helium atoms uniformly, preventing the clustering that causes structural failure.52 Furthermore, research into Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) aims to provide materials that can operate above 1,000°C while maintaining structural integrity.53 These advancements are critical because the commercial viability of fusion depends on extending the operational lifespan of reactor components to several years before replacement is required.53

Economic Analysis: Investment and Market Dynamics

Fusion energy has entered a distinct phase of "Advanced Demonstration and Pre-Pilot Stage".25 Global private investment surpassed $10 billion in 2025, with more than $2.5 billion raised in the 12 months preceding July 2025 alone.1

The Role of Vertical Integration and Supply Chains

As leaders like CFS, Helion, and TAE drive toward the commercial finish line, they are increasingly absorbing smaller supply chain players to achieve vertical integration.11 For instance, Helion is manufacturing its own capacitors and quartz tubes in its Antares facility to control quality and lead times.21 This shift toward becoming "component players" as well as "platform players" allows fusion firms to generate derivative revenue by selling high-field magnets or specialized power systems to other industries, such as medical imaging or energy storage.10

The Projected Market Size

The fusion energy sector is estimated to be valued at approximately $381 billion in 2026, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6% to reach $647.5 billion by 2035.56 Europe is expected to capture the largest market share (35.9%) by 2035, while the Asia-Pacific region will be the fastest-growing market due to rapid industrialization and high energy demand in China and India.16

Analysis of the Race: Leading Players and Likely Winners

In the current state of affairs, the concept of "winning the race" can be analyzed through three lenses: first to achieve scientific breakeven, first to grid, and long-term industrial dominance.

The Scientific Frontrunner: Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS)

CFS is most likely to win the race for the first commercially relevant net-energy demonstration (). Their SPARC device is being built with a degree of engineering discipline and supply-chain rigor that sets it apart. By collaborating with Siemens for data management and NVIDIA for digital twins, CFS is optimizing SPARC’s 2 million parts virtually before full operation.57 The completion of their first full D-shaped HTS toroidal field magnet in early 2026 confirms the viability of their core technology.6

The Commercial Speed Leader: Helion Energy

Helion Energy is the frontrunner for the earliest grid injection. Their Polaris machine is already operational and pulsing daily as of late 2025.18 While scientific skepticism remains regarding their aggressive 2028 timeline for a commercial plant in Malaga, Washington, their existing PPA with Microsoft provides a unique market validation that other players lack.16 If Polaris achieves its goal of demonstrating net electricity in 2026, Helion will have a significant first-mover advantage in the modular, decentralized power market.22

The Strategic Hegemon: China

From a geopolitical perspective, China is most likely to win the long-term race for industrial scale and energy sovereignty. China’s BEST project is specifically designed to bridge the gap from research to practical systems by 2030.9 China’s competitive advantage lies in its "triple down" strategy: dictating resource allocation, controlling the critical mineral supply chain (lithium and rare earths), and bypassing the democratic regulatory and public perception hurdles that slow Western deployment.10

Conclusions and Projected Timeline for Completion

Fusion energy has transitioned from an abstract hope to a deliberate engineering endeavor. The next five years will be the most critical in the history of the field, as the first generation of "burning plasma" experiments (SPARC, BEST, Polaris) come online to validate the physics of net energy.

Summary Timeline for Feasible Solutions

• 2026-2027: The Demonstration Milestone. CFS’s SPARC and Helion’s Polaris are expected to provide the first conclusive evidence that net fusion energy and net electricity are achievable in compact, privately-funded devices.6
• Late 2020s: The Pilot Plant Phase. Construction will begin on several first-of-a-kind (FOAK) power plants, including CFS’s ARC in Virginia and Helion’s Orion in Washington.2 China's BEST is projected to be the first state-led device to demonstrate electricity generation at scale.9
• Mid-2030s: Grid Integration. The first pilot plants are expected to deliver baseload power to industrial sites and data centers. The IAEA and national regulators (NRC in the US, UKAEA in Britain) will have established harmonized safety frameworks to allow for broader commercial adoption.1
• 2040 and Beyond: Industrial Scaling. Fusion is projected to reach 10-50% of global electricity generation by 2100, depending on capital cost reductions. Success at this stage will depend on solving the lithium-6 and tritium breeding bottlenecks on an industrial scale.1

The "race" is ultimately a hedge against global volatility. Nations increasingly view fusion as a long-term pillar of energy sovereignty and a critical component of national security. While the path to commercialization remains fraught with engineering risks—particularly in material science and resource management—the finish line is no longer invisible. Fusion is finally stepping out of the stars and onto the grid.25

Works cited

1. Fusion Energy in 2025: Six Global Trends to Watch, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/fusion-energy-in-2025-six-global-trends-to-watch
2. MIT spinout Commonwealth Fusion Systems unveils plans for the world's first fusion power plant | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, accessed February 2, 2026, https://news.mit.edu/2024/commonwealth-fusion-systems-unveils-worlds-first-fusion-power-plant-1217
3. FIA 2025 Year in Review - Fusion Industry Association, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.fusionindustryassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/FIA-2025-Year-in-Review.pdf?mc_cid=7dc68615f1&mc_eid=a9957f7166
4. How the US must respond to China's moves to win the fusion energy race, accessed February 2, 2026, https://blog.cfs.energy/how-the-us-must-respond-to-chinas-moves-to-win-the-fusion-energy-race/
5. ITER—An International Nuclear Fusion Research and Development Facility, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2025-01-22_R48362_7300756b501bb9ca59ce6538b3b0630690f75830.html
6. SPARC (tokamak) - Wikipedia, accessed February 2, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC_(tokamak)
7. News hub - ITER, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.iter.org/news-hub
8. ITER Newsline, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.iter.org/news
9. Fusion energy drive entering a decisive phase - Chinadaily.com.cn, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202601/18/WS696d00aea310d6866eb345b7.html
10. What Will 2026 Bring for the Fusion Energy World?, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.energycentral.com/nuclear/post/what-will-2026-bring-for-the-fusion-energy-world-wsiuUvyQIUSO6tC
11. 10 Prognostications for Fusion in 2026, accessed February 2, 2026, https://thefusionreport.com/10-prognostications-for-fusion-in-2026/
12. Energy Department Announces Fusion Science and Technology Roadmap to Accelerate Commercial Fusion Power, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-fusion-science-and-technology-roadmap-accelerate-commercial
13. Gauss Fusion Commercial Roadmap to 2040 - binding energy conference, accessed February 2, 2026, https://binding.energy/gauss-fusion-commercial-roadmap/
14. World's largest superconducting fusion system will use American technology to measure the plasma within, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.pppl.gov/news/2025/world%E2%80%99s-largest-superconducting-fusion-system-will-use-american-technology-measure-plasma
15. Upgrading JT-60SA to prepare for 2026 experiments - ITER, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.iter.org/node/20687/upgrading-jt-60sa-prepare-2026-experiments
16. 25 Statistics on Nuclear Fusion You Need to Know in 2026 | Adopter, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.adopter.net/knowledge-hub/25-statistics-on-nuclear-fusion-you-need-to-know-in-2026
17. How new SPARC fusion research leads to the ARC power plant - The Tokamak Times, accessed February 2, 2026, https://blog.cfs.energy/how-new-sparc-fusion-research-leads-to-the-arc-power-plant/
18. Helion gives behind-the-scenes tour of secretive 60-foot fusion prototype as it races to deployment - GeekWire, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.geekwire.com/2025/helion-gives-behind-the-scenes-tour-of-secretive-60-foot-fusion-prototype-as-it-races-to-deployment/
19. 10 Major Nuclear Energy Developments to Watch in 2025, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.nuclearbusiness-platform.com/media/insights/10-major-nuclear-energy-developments-to-watch-in-2025
20. Helion Energy - Wikipedia, accessed February 2, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helion_Energy
21. Polaris - Helion Energy, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.helionenergy.com/polaris/
22. Fusion Technology That Will Lead 2026 Development — Clean ..., accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.cleanenergy-platform.com/insight/fusion-technology-that-will-lead-2026-development
23. Tokamak Energy bets its spherical design will deliver fusion energy in the early 2030s, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.ans.org/news/article-4447/tokamak-energy-bets-its-spherical-design-will-deliver-fusion-energy-in-the-early-2030s/
24. Tokamak Energy gives details of pilot fusion energy plant design - World Nuclear News, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/tokamak-energy-gives-details-of-pilot-fusion-energy-plant-design
25. The Global Race of Fusion Energy — A 2026 Update, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.epresourcepage.com/post/fusion-energy-global-race-2026
26. Top 5 Fusion Companies to Watch in 2026 - Clean Energy Platform, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.cleanenergy-platform.com/insight/top-5-fusion-companies-to-watch-in-2026
27. Groundbreaking Fusion Demonstration Plant, accessed February 2, 2026, https://generalfusion.com/commercialization-path/
28. General Fusion's Nasdaq Listing Pushes Fusion Energy Into the Market Spotlight • Carbon Credits, accessed February 2, 2026, https://carboncredits.com/general-fusions-nasdaq-listing-pushes-fusion-energy-into-the-market-spotlight/
29. General Fusion's Made-in-Canada Technology Achieves First Plasma in Cutting Edge Fusion Demonstration Machine, accessed February 2, 2026, https://generalfusion.com/post/general-fusions-made-in-canada-technology-achieves-first-plasma-in-cutting-edge-fusion-demonstration-machine/
30. General Fusion's reactor prototype creates plasma for the first time - New Atlas, accessed February 2, 2026, https://newatlas.com/energy/general-fusion-nuclear-reactor-lm26-plasma/
31. Fusion energy: The evolving technology landscape in Western states - Clean Air Task Force, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.catf.us/2025/12/fusion-energy-evolving-technology-landscape-western-states/
32. Nuclear waste could be a source of fuel in future reactors - EurekAlert!, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1093762
33. Fusion power - Wikipedia, accessed February 2, 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power
34. Nuclear waste could be a source of fuel in future reactors - American Chemical Society, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.acs.org/pressroom/presspacs/2025/august/nuclear-waste-could-be-a-source-of-fuel-in-future-reactors.html
35. Enriched lithium and advanced nuclear, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.neimagazine.com/analysis/enriched-lithium-and-advanced-nuclear/
36. First Walls and Breeder Blankets: Materials for Fusion | IDTechEx Research Article, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.idtechex.com/de/research-article/first-walls-and-breeder-blankets-materials-for-fusion/33311
37. Is it time to think about critical resources for fusion energy?, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/en/columns/energy/nuclear-fusion-constrained-by-scarce-resources/
38. Advantages of fusion - ITER, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/advantages-fusion
39. Breeding Blanket Modules Market Outlook 2026-2034, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.intelmarketresearch.com/breeding-blanket-modules-market-28015
40. AVAILABLITY & SUPPLY OF KEY RESOURCES & TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE REALISATION OF A FUSION PILOT PLANT - DOE Office of Science, accessed February 2, 2026, https://science.osti.gov/-/media/fes/pdf/fes-presentations/2022/Pearson_resource-availability-and-supply_presentation.pdf
41. Is nuclear fusion a sustainable energy form? - NOMAD Laboratory, accessed February 2, 2026, https://nomad-laboratory.de/uploads/publications/th/FusionEngDesign-2011-2770-2011.pdf
42. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals - Federal Register, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/11/07/2025-19813/final-2025-list-of-critical-minerals
43. The Critical Minerals Report (01.11.2026): The World's Scramble for Critical Minerals Enters a New Phase - InvestorNews, accessed February 2, 2026, https://investornews.com/critical-minerals-rare-earths/the-critical-minerals-report-01-11-2026-the-worlds-scramble-for-critical-minerals-enters-a-new-phase/
44. Critical Mineral Resources: National Policy and Critical Minerals List - Congress.gov, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47982
45. U.S. Geological Survey's Critical Minerals List - EveryCRSReport.com, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF13145.html
46. Is Lunar Helium-3 the Fuel of the Future? - Philip Metzger, accessed February 2, 2026, https://philipmetzger.com/is-lunar-helium-3-the-fuel-of-the-future/
47. Mining the Moon: Helium-3 and the Future of Fusion Power - Environment+Energy Leader, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.environmentenergyleader.com/stories/mining-the-moon-helium-3-and-the-future-of-fusion-power,111846
48. Helium-3 Could Be the Most Valuable Resource in Space and Nations Are Now Racing to Mine It on the Moon - Reddit, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.reddit.com/r/EverythingScience/comments/1oqpnm7/helium3_could_be_the_most_valuable_resource_in/
49. Helium – A Non-renewable Resource That Matters - Magnetica, accessed February 2, 2026, https://magnetica.com/helium-non-renewable-resource-matters/
50. How to engineer a renewable deuterium–helium-3 fusion fuel cycle - Helion Energy, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.helionenergy.com/articles/how-to-engineer-a-renewable-deuterium-helium-3-fusion-fuel-cycle/
51. Study of degradation of materials by radiation damage in Nuclear Fusion Reactors., accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377744979_Study_of_degradation_of_materials_by_radiation_damage_in_Nuclear_Fusion_Reactors
52. New Reactor Material Withstands Extreme Fusion Heat and Neutron Damage → Research - News → Sustainability Directory, accessed February 2, 2026, https://news.sustainability-directory.com/research/new-reactor-material-withstands-extreme-fusion-heat-and-neutron-damage/
53. Exploring materials for fusion energy with ORNL's Yan-Ru Lin | ORNL, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.ornl.gov/news/exploring-materials-fusion-energy-ornls-yan-ru-lin
54. Global Fusion Industry Report Archives, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.fusionindustryassociation.org/tag/global-fusion-industry-report/
55. Impact & Business — Renaissance Fusion, accessed February 2, 2026, https://renfusion.eu/impact-business
56. Nuclear Fusion Market Size, Growth & Forecast Report 2026-2035, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.researchnester.com/reports/nuclear-fusion-market/7377
57. Hello from Commonwealth Fusion Systems. Here's what we've been up to so far in 2026., accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.reddit.com/r/fusion/comments/1qkx95k/hello_from_commonwealth_fusion_systems_heres_what/
58. Gauss Fusion presents Europe's first full design for a commercial fusion power plant, accessed February 2, 2026, https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/gauss-fusion-presents-europes-first-full-design-for-a-commercial-fusion-power-plant/62378/